Deno 中文文档

Using import maps

Deno supports import maps which allow you to supply Deno with information about how to resolve modules that overrides the default behavior. Import maps are a web platform standard that is increasingly being included natively in browsers. They are specifically useful with adapting Node code to work well with Deno, as you can use import maps to map "bare" specifiers to a specific module.

When coupled with Deno friendly CDNs import maps can be a powerful tool in managing code and dependencies without need of a package management tool.

Bare and extension-less specifiers

Deno will only load a fully qualified module, including the extension. The import specifier needs to either be relative or absolute. Specifiers that are neither relative or absolute are often called "bare" specifiers. For example "./lodash/index.js" is a relative specifier and https://cdn.skypack.dev/lodash is an absolute specifier. Whereas "lodash" would be a bare specifier.

Also Deno requires that for local modules, the module to load is fully resolve-able. When an extension is not present, Deno would have to "guess" what the author intended to be loaded. For example does "./lodash" mean ./lodash.js, ./lodash.ts, ./lodash.tsx, ./lodash.jsx, ./lodash/index.js, ./lodash/index.ts, ./lodash/index.jsx, or ./lodash/index.tsx?

When dealing with remote modules, Deno allows the CDN/web server define whatever semantics around resolution the server wants to define. It just treats a URL, including its query string, as a "unique" module that can be loaded. It expects the CDN/web server to provide it with a valid media/content type to instruct Deno how to handle the file. More information on how media types impact how Deno handles modules can be found in the Determining the type of file section of the manual.

Node does have defined semantics for resolving specifiers, but they are complex, assume unfettered access to the local file system to query it. Deno has chosen not to go down that path.

But, import maps can be used to provide some of the ease of the developer experience if you wish to use bare specifiers. For example, if we want to do the following in our code:

import lodash from "lodash";

We can accomplish this using an import map, and we don't even have to install the lodash package locally. We would want to create a JSON file (for example import_map.json) with the following:

{
  "imports": {
    "lodash": "https://cdn.skypack.dev/lodash"
  }
}

And we would run our program like:

> deno run --import-map ./import_map.json example.ts

If you wanted to manage the versions in the import map, you could do this as well. For example if you were using Skypack CDN, you can used a pinned URL for the dependency in your import map. For example, to pin to lodash version 4.17.21 (and minified production ready version), you would do this:

{
  "imports": {
    "lodash": "https://cdn.skypack.dev/pin/lodash@v4.17.21-K6GEbP02mWFnLA45zAmi/mode=imports,min/optimized/lodash.js"
  }
}

Overriding imports

The other situation where import maps can be very useful is the situation where you have tried your best to make something work, but have failed. For example you are using an npm package which has a dependency on some code that just doesn't work under Deno, and you want to substitute another module that "polyfills" the incompatible APIs.

For example, let's say we have a package that is using a version of the built-in "fs" module that we have a local module we want to replace it with when it tries to import it, but we want other code we are loading to use the standard library replacement module for "fs". We would want to create an import map that looked something like this:

{
  "imports": {
    "fs": "https://deno.land/std@$STD_VERSION/node/fs.ts"
  },
  "scopes": {
    "https://deno.land/x/example": {
      "fs": "./patched/fs.ts"
    }
  }
}

Import maps can be very powerful, check out the official standards README for more information.